Python核心模塊詳解解之os模塊_python os模塊詳解

Python核心模塊詳解解之os模塊
os模塊提供了多數(shù)操作系統(tǒng)的功能接口函數(shù).當(dāng)os模塊被導(dǎo)入后,它會(huì)自適應(yīng)于不同的操作系統(tǒng)平臺(tái),如posix或NT系統(tǒng)平臺(tái),os模塊會(huì)根據(jù)不同的平臺(tái)進(jìn)行相應(yīng)的操作.本節(jié)內(nèi)容將對(duì)os模塊提供的函數(shù)進(jìn)行詳細(xì)的解讀.

1.1  文件操作函數(shù)

1.1.1  open()函數(shù)提供創(chuàng)建、打開、修改文件的功能。

Example 1-1. Using the os Module to Rename and Remove Files

#Filename: os-example-1.py
import os
import string
def replace(file, search_for, replace_with):
   # replace strings in a text file
   back = os.path.splitext(file)[0] + “.bak”
   temp = os.path.splitext(file)[0] + “.tmp”
   try:
       # remove old temp file, if any
       os.remove(temp)
   except os.error:
       pass
   fi = open(file)
   fo = open(temp, “w”)
   for s in fi.readlines():
       fo.write(string.replace(s, search_for, replace_with))
   fi.close()
   fo.close()
   try:
       # remove old backup file, if any
       os.remove(back)
   except os.error:
       pass
   # rename original to backup…
   os.rename(file, back)
   # …and temporary to original
   os.rename(temp, file)
# try it out!
file = “samples/sample.txt”
replace(file, “hello”, “tjena”)
replace(file, “tjena”, “hello”)

1.1.2  rename()和remove()函數(shù),對(duì)文件進(jìn)行重命名和刪除操作.請(qǐng)參照例1-1

1.2  目錄操作

1.2.1  listdir()函數(shù),返回指定目錄下所有文件名,并保存于一列表中.但當(dāng)前目錄標(biāo)記(.)和父目錄標(biāo)記(..)不在其中.

Example 1-2. Using the os Module to List the Files in a Directory

File: os-example-2.py
import os
for file in os.listdir(“samples”):
   print file

1.2.2  getcwd()和chdir()函數(shù),功能是獲取和改變當(dāng)前工作目錄.

Example 1-3. Using the os Module to Change the Working Directory

#Filename: os-example-3.py
import os
# where are we?
cwd = os.getcwd()
print “1”, cwd
# go down
os.chdir(“samples”)
print “2”, os.getcwd()
# go back up
os.chdir(os.pardir)
print “3”, os.getcwd()

1.2.3  mkdir(),rmdir(),makedirs()和removedirs()函數(shù)用于創(chuàng)建和刪除目錄操作.mkdir,rmdir和makedirs,removedir的不同在于前者只創(chuàng)建和刪除一級(jí)目錄,而后者則能創(chuàng)建和刪除多級(jí)目錄.要?jiǎng)h除非空目錄則要用到shutil模塊中的rmtree()函數(shù),在shutil模塊詳解中有介紹.

Example 1-4. Create and Remove Multiple Directory Levels

#Filename: os-example-4.py
import os
os.makedirs(“test/multiple/levels”)
fp = open(“test/multiple/levels/file”, “w”)
fp.write(“inspector praline”)
fp.close()
# remove the file
os.remove(“test/multiple/levels/file”)
# and all empty directories above it
os.removedirs(“test/multiple/levels”)

1.3 文件屬性操作

1.3.1stat()函數(shù)返回一個(gè)文件的所有屬性,所有的屬性都包含在一個(gè)元組中.而fstat()函數(shù)則返回一個(gè)已經(jīng)打開的文件的所有屬性.

Example 1-32. Get Information About a File數(shù)據(jù)分析培訓(xùn)

File: os-example-1.py
import os
import time
file = “samples/sample.jpg”
def dump(st):
   mode, ino, dev, nlink, uid, gid, size, atime, mtime, ctime = st
   print “- size:”, size, “bytes”
   print “- owner:”, uid, gid
   print “- created:”, time.ctime(ctime)
   print “- last accessed:”, time.ctime(atime)
   print “- last modified:”, time.ctime(mtime)
   print “- mode:”, oct(mode)
   print “- inode/dev:”, ino, dev
# get stats for a filename
st = os.stat(file)
print “station”, file
dump(st)
print st

# get stats for an open file
fp = open(file)
st = os.fstat(fp.fileno())
print “fstat”, file
dump(st)